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سال هفتم، شماره دوم ، نیمسال دوم تحصیلی، بهار و تابستان
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جبران کاستیهای آموزشی با به کارگیری راهبرد تکیه گاه سازی آموزشی
Compensation For Educational Shortcomings
By Applying A Training Strategy
تخصصي
Special
پژوهشي
Research
<strong><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">مقدمه: </span></span></span></span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">فرایند تکیه</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه سازی به ایجاد ساختارهای یادگیری موقتی اشاره دارد که به افزایش انطباق</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">پذیری فراگیران با یک موقعیت یادگیری ویژه می</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">انجامد. در آموزش به روش تکیه</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">سازی فردی با دانش بیشتر تکیه</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ها یا حمایت</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">هایی برای تسهیل پیشرفت یادگیرنده فراهم می</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">آورد به همین دلیل هدف مقاله پیش رو، پرداختن به موضوع تکیه</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه سازی در محیط</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های آموزشی جهت کمک به فراگیران به منظور جبران کاستی</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های مرتبط با فقدان مهارت</span></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های لازم برای یادگیری است.</span></span></span></span><br>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">روش</span></span></span></strong><strong><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ها: </span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">پژوهش حاضر با روش تحلیل محتوای کمی انجام گرفته است. جامعه مورد پژوهش کلیه مقالات و اسناد چاپی و دیجیتالی است که در مورد تعاریف تکیه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه سازی، ویژگی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های تکیه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه، مزایای بکارگیری در آموزش، کارکردها و... بحث نمود</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ند که با کلیدواژه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های مشخص در پایگاه اطلاعاتی گوگل اسکولار، مگیران، سیویلیکا و نورمگز یافت شده</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">اند. تعداد این اسناد 35 کتاب و مقاله در بازده زمانی 1292- 1396 و 1976- 2015 بوده</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> است که بعد از محدود نمودن نتایج جستجو 25 سند معتبر از آنها به عنوان نمونه پژوهش انتخاب شدند. جهت وارسی پژوهش</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های انتخابی به عنوان نمونه، ابتدا مقالات از نظر اهداف، روش کار و نتایج دسته بندی شدند و نتایج آنها با هم مقایسه و شباهت و تفاوت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های آنها از این نظر با هم مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت.</span></span></span><br>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">نتایج: </span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">فعالیت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">هایی که در تکیه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه سازی فراهم می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">شود فقط اندکی از سطحی که یادگیرنده می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">تواند به تنهایی انجام دهد بالاتر است. دیگرانی با توانایی بیشتر تکیه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">هایی فراهم می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">سازد تا یادگیرنده تکالیفی را به انجام برساند (با کمک) که در غیر این صورت نمی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">تواند. همین طور که توانایی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های یادگیرندگان افزایش می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">یابد تکیه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های فراهم شده توسط فرد با دانش بیشتر به تدریج محو می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گردد. سرانجام یادگیرنده می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">تواند به طور مستقل تکلیف را انجام یا بر مفاهیم تسلط یابد.</span></span></span><br>
<strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">نتیجه</span></span></span></strong><strong><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گیری: </span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">با توجه به یافته</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ها، تکیه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ها توانایی یادگیرنده را برای ساختن دانش</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های قبلی، تسهیل و اطلاعات جدید را درونی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">سازی می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">کند. توصیه می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گردد اساتید از فن تکیه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه سازی برای کمک به فراگیران در یادگیری موضوعات انتزاعی و پیچیده بویژه کاربرد تکیه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گاه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">سازی در موقعیت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های عملی که از اهمیت خاصی برخوردارند، استفاده نمایند.</span></span></span><br>
<br>
Introduction: Supporting process refers to the creation of temporary learning structures which lead to<br>
increase the adaptability of learners with a special learning position. In teaching, the method of relying on<br>
individual knowledge with more knowledge provides support or support for facilitating learner’s progress.<br>
For this reason, the aim of this paper is to address the issue of rehabilitation in educational environments<br>
assisting learners to compensate for the shortcomings associated with lack of learning skills.<br>
Methods: The present study is carried out with quantitative content analysis method. The research<br>
community includes all digital and paper articles that have discussed the definitions of support, supporting<br>
attributes, benefits of training, functions, and... which have been found with specific keywords in the Google<br>
Scholar, Merger, Civillas, and Normuges database. The number of these documents were 35 books and<br>
articles in the time period of 1292-1396 and 1976-2015. After restricting the search results, 25 valid documents<br>
were selected as the sample of the research. For the purpose of exploring selected researches, for example,<br>
the articles were first categorized in terms of objectives, methodology and results, then their results were<br>
compared, and their similarities and differences were studied in this regard.<br>
Results: The activities provided in the training course are higher than just the level that the learner can do<br>
on his/her own. Others with more abilities provide support to the learner to carry out assignments (with help)<br>
that otherwise cannot. As learners’ abilities increase, the support provided by a person with more knowledge<br>
gradually fades. Finally, the learner can independently complete the assignment or master the concepts.<br>
Conclusion: Based on research from research examples (research in this field), it can be concluded that<br>
in an individualized knowledge-based learning approach, with more knowledge, it provides support or support<br>
to facilitate learner development. Brought up In most researches, it has been pointed out that the supports<br>
facilitate the student’s ability to build previous knowledge and internalize the new information. In several<br>
studies, it has been observed that educational professionals are urged to use reliance techniques to help<br>
learners learn abstract and complex subjects, in particular using reliance on practical situations of particular<br>
importance.<br>
تکیه گاه سازی, آموزش, کاستی آموزشی, راهبرد آموزشی.
Assertiveness, Education, Educational Shortcomings, Educational Strategy.
1
10
http://nama.ajaums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-45-10&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
Dariosh
Norozi
داریوش
نوروزی
10031947532846001496
10031947532846001496
No
Associated Professor of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Instructional technology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
Maryam
Falahi
مریم
فلاحی
10031947532846001497
10031947532846001497
Yes
(*Corresponding Author) Ph.D student, Instructional Technology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: falahi.maryam8@gmail.com