fa مروری بر نظارت آموزشی اثربخش عمومى General كاربردي Applicable <strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">مقدمه:</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> نظام آموزشی در تربیت نیروی انسانی متخصص و مورد نیاز جامعه که بتواند حرکت جامعه را به سوی توسعه همگانی تسریع بخشد، از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. یکی از مهمترین ارکان برای نیل به این مقصود، نظارت آموزشی است. این مطالعه با هدف آشنایی با نظارت آموزشی اثر بخش، انجام شده است.</span></span></span><br> <strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">روش کار:</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> مقاله حاضر از نوع مروری است. برای دستیابی به اطلاعات مورد نیاز، کلید واژه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های نظارت آموزشی، راهنمایان آموزشی، مدرس و فراگیر، با استفاده از داده پایگاههای معتر علمی فارسی و انگلیسی زبان از جمله </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">SID</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">، </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Magiran</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">، </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Scholar</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> و </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Web of Sciences</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> و نیز مطالعات کتابخانه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ای در بازه زمانی 2017- 2000 مورد جستجو قرار گرفتند. سپس داده</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">های ﻣـﻮرد ﻧﻈـﺮ بر اساس هدف پژوهش، ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪی و مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند.</span></span></span><br> <strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">یافته</span></span></span></strong><strong><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ها:</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> نظارت مؤثر منجر به تقویت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> روحیه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> اعتماد و وفاداری</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> در سازمان</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">، گسترش</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> نوآوری</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> و ابتکار عمل، ایجاد انگیزه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> مثبت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> و رضایت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> خاطر در کارکنان، افزایش</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> مشارکت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> افراد در تصمیم</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گیری</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ها، بهره</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">مند ساختن</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> افراد از لذت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> کسب</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> موفقیت، </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ایجاد رابطه</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> منطقی</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> بین</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> تلاش</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> و پاداش و </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">بهره</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گیری</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> مؤثر از اطلاعات</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">شود. در نظارت آموزشی، ناظر نقش راهنما دارد. بنابراین شناخت راهنمای آموزشی از مدرس ضرورتی سازمانی و حرفه&rlm;ای است. ناظر باید دانش و مهارت</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ها، </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">نگرش</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">ها، نیازهای انگیزشی، انتظارات مدرس و انتظارات مرکز آموزشی و اثربخشی مدرس را مورد بررسی قرار دهد.</span></span></span><br> <strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">نتیجه</span></span></span></strong><strong><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گیری:</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;"> با توجه به این که نظارت آموزشی در صورتی که صحیح انجام شود، منجر به کیفیت عملکرد مدرس و در نهایت بهبود کیفیت وضعیت آموزشی فراگیران خواهد داشت، بنابراین تاکید موسسات آموزشی بر این نوع از نظارت و آموزش الگوهای موثر و متناسب نظارت آموزشی به ناظرین توصیه می</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">‌</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: gn lotus;"><span style="color: black;">گردد.</span></span></span><br> &nbsp; Introduction: The role of the education system in the training of human resources to move community<br> towards universal accelerate development is very important. The educational supervision is an important<br> element for the achievement of this goal.<br> Objective: The purpose of this article is an overview of the effective educational supervision<br> Material and Method: This review article was conducted based on databases such as SID, Magiran,<br> Google Scholar and Web of Sciences and Library Studies in the period time of 2000-2017. The keywords<br> were the educational supervision, Instructional supervision, instructional guidance, trainers and trainees,<br> teacher and learner. The data obtained from these articles were analyzed.<br> Result: Effective supervision will lead to the trust strengthening, loyalty to an organization, innovation<br> and initiative, motivation, positive and satisfaction of employees, increase participation in decision-making,<br> education supervisor. Supervisors should assess the knowledge, skills, attitudes, motivational needs,<br> expectations and the expectations of the teachers&rsquo; training centers.<br> Conclusion: The educational supervision, if done well, will lead to the education quality. Therefore, this<br> type of the educational supervision and training patterns is recommended. نظارت آموزشی, راهنمایان آموزشی, مدرس, فراگیر Educational Supervision, Educational Guidance, Teacher, Learners 40 49 http://nama.ajaums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-47-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 a Sajadi سیده اعظم سجادی 10031947532846001599 10031947532846001599 No Instructor, Department of Internal Surgery, PhD Student, Nursing Faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran A Fathimoghaddam عبداله فتحی مقدم 10031947532846001600 10031947532846001600 No Educational Management Specialist, Secondary High School Manager, Tehran, Iran S Azarmi سمیه آزرمی 10031947532846001601 10031947532846001601 Yes (*Corresponding Author) Instructor, Department of Internal Surgery, Ph.D. Student of Health in Babalea, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email: Azarmi1363@yahoo.com